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Essential Fish Habitat
Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S i9000. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate important to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Putting into action regulations clarified that seas include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate comes with the associated biological organizations that make these areas well suited for fish habitats, and the information and identification of EFH should include habitats used whenever you want during the species' life routine.|2| EFH incorporates all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific details. EFH has been described for over a 1, 000 managed variety to date.|4| The key purpose of EFH regulations is to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non reef fishing impacts on EFH to the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act was amended to establish a new requirements to identify and express EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the main advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act features jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine seafood species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries when their actions or actions may adversely affect home identified by federal territorial fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On January 19, 1997, interim last rules were published inside the Federal Register (Vol. over 60, No . 244) which specify procedures for implementation with the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These kinds of rules were amended by publication of final rules about January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management plan (FMP) amendment, and detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Has an effect on from certain fishing techniques and coastal and marine development and may alter, destruction, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management councils (FMCs), and other federal organizations work together to minimize these dangers.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable influences on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, and, evaluating how well every fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed kinds. As new FMPs happen to be developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be defined.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, lessen to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing on EFH, and identify various other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies can easily avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions on the habitat of federally maintained commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, licenses, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH are required to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an assessment of all actions or proposed actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency that may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal action agency with EFH Preservation recommendations.|19| These Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or balance out those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies need to provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if any of these recommendations have not been followed.|21| NOAA The fishing industry must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of sportfishing gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may touch upon and make recommendations to the state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Better Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Territorial Office (WCRO), Alaska Territorial Office (AKRO), and Ocean Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State companies and private landowners are not needed to consult with NMFS. EFH services are required if the federal government offers authorized, funded, or carried out part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely affect EFH.|24| Detrimentally affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, chemical or biological alterations on the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to species and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction of the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Environment areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high main concern areas for conservation, administration, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit special attention because they meet at least one of the following some criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a home type that is/will get stressed by development;
incorporate a habitat type that is rare.|27|
Current HAPCs include important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, among other areas of interest. HAPCs are afforded the same regulatory security as EFH and do not exclude activities from occurring in the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Essential Fish Habitat is specified for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Crucial Habitat is designated to get the survival and recovery of species listed as threatened or endangered within the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical demeure include areas occupied by threatened or endangered species that include physical and neurological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is certainly designated as critical during the time a species is listed beneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are different in terms of designation and rules, but they may overlap for many species such as salmon.|32|
Habitat characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures root the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These g?te are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental an environment structure begins with gunk. Erosion is stabilized by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will find two main types of bottoms, hard and delicate.|33| A study by simply Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom natural environment types (vegetated marsh advantage, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) with regards to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the analysis showed that brown prawn selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and so they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges every time they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teen brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom supplies hard complex vertical framework for attachment of sponges, seaweed, and coral, which in turn support a diverse reef fish community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a range of fin-fishes, alga, and sponges. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft bottoms are not protected even though they are often primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Attributes that affect soft starting in relation to organisms that utilize them include sediment feed size, salinity, dissolved air and flow.
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